lab on solutions :: essays research papers

I IntroductionA. Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the temperature of pissing make the rate at which coarsenessiness dissolves.B. Hypothesis If the temperature of the water increases then the rate at which the salt dissolves will increase.C. Science Concepts Solution- one center of attention dissolved in anotherSolute- the substance that gets dissolvedSolvent- the substance that the solute gets dissolved inCharacteristic property- a property that is unique to a substance, does not change depending on the issue forth of a substance, and can identify the substancePhysical change- when a substance changes tangiblely but is not chemically effectedSolubility- the amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount solvent at a given temperature In the experiment the solubility of salt was tested in different temperatures of water. The solute was the salt and the solvent was the water. The salt dissolved in the water to form a solution. When the s alt dissolved a physical change took place. Solubility along with melting point, freezing point, and density is a characteristic property.II Procedure 1. massing cups and a triple beam balance were apply to measure 0.5 grams of salt2. 100 ml of cold water was measured and poured into a beaker using a graduated cylinder3. the temperature of the water was measured and preserve on a data table4. the salt was poured into the water and the stop watch was started5. the water was stirred as the salt crystals dissolved6. the number of seconds it took for the salt to dissolve was measured and recorded on a data table7. the experiment was repeated using room temperature and warm water8. from each one root word did one trialIII Results/ConclusionsA. Experimental Data The results of the experiment indicate that the warmer the solvent was the faster the solute dissolved. When the water was 9C it took 51.66 seconds to dissolve. When the water was 57C it took only 13.15 seconds to dissolve.B. Graphs and Tables see attachedC. Evaluate Prediction/Hypothesis The results of the experiment support the hypothesis. The hypothesis stated that the slat would dissolve faster if the water was heated. The salt in the warmer water dissolved about four times faster than the salt in the cold water.IV Extension and summer-floweringA. Extension Some causes of experimental error may have been how fast the stirrer was stirring. This could have been fixed by having the same person stirring each time.

Stress and Performance Essay -- Health Stress Management

Stress and PerformanceToo much stress behind contribute to wellness problems. Stress can also reduce your ability to perform at the highest levels. The negative effects of stress can impact profitability and quality of life. The tangible responseThe Stress Response willIncrease heart rate, speed breathing or you might hold your breath, tightens muscle to prepargon to fight or to flee, directs blood to brain and major muscles (away from digestion, hands/feet, Reproductive organs), releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, slows or stops digestion, causes the brain to be more reactive/ slight thoughtful, increases perspiration, reduces immune system response. Any of these systems can become your habitual way to respond to stressful situations.Symptoms of Stress can includeTension headaches, neck/ hold up/shoulder pain, tight jaw, TMJ problems, sleeping problems, fatigue, loss of concentration, learning problems can increase, irregular or rapid heart rate, migraine headac hes, poor circulation, Raynaud Syndrome, high blood pressure, inner dysfunction (in men and women), digestive problems, upset stomach, ulcers, colitis, hormone imbalances, reduction of immune system function, over reaction by immune system (allergies or autoimmune diseases worse), increased asthma activity, increased aging rate, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, poor habit control, over-eating, low energy, prone to accidents or mistakes, can impair communication, poor performance, etc.It is not so much the amount of stress, but how you respond to it. Some people thrive on stress and may be addicted to the adrenaline charge that accompanies high stress or dangerous activities. Most people develop a habit pattern from an early age as ... ...s program is back up by top-down leadership involvement. (The process will work without full leadership support, but it takes longer and may reach its full potential.) Leaders who are familiar with the beneficial results of Executive Coachi ng are often open to the successful uses of these techniques (combined with stress management consulting) and can see the achievements of their business goals.The process can work with individuals, teams, departments, or company wide. It is recommended that you test the process by working with a sampling from the departments from the company. The process may require time for assessments and benchmarking, and and then implementation. Obviously, somewhat departments such as sales, can show improvement in solid dollar figures. Results from other departments may require different metrics to define and then demonstrate positive change.

Ghost Story of a Ghost Saving Her Baby :: Ghost Stories Urban Legends

A Ghosts Saves Her BabyI had just finished up lunch with a friend at around one(a) oclock in the afternoon. I was trekking back from the dining hall when I met the cashier. She was a freshman who had just turned eighteen, and a moderately-devout Catholic. (Im into my religion save I dont go to church as much as Id corresponding to.) She was Filipino and born and raised Maryland. She was sitting on the lawn in presence of the library, deeply immersed in a novel. When prompted by my question, Would you mind helping me out with an date for class? I just need a ghost story or urban legend and interview you for a few minutes, she cocked her head to one side and slowly shut her book. She said, You know that one about a woman who dies in a car crash but her baby is even alive and she doesnt want to leave it alone in the world?I had a tape recorder with me, but she seemed a little put-off by that, so I simply took elaborate notes on how she presented her story. The following is as clo se to verbatim as I could remember and drawn from my notesMy cousin told me this. whiz evening, it was thunder-storming pretty badly outside. This lonely woman was sitting in her house watching television when someone knocked on her door. She got up to open it, and in front of her was this other woman who was just a wreck. She had blood and dirt all over her, not to mention all that rain drenching her. Pretty creepy sight. She visibly flinched. The woman outside goes, Can you please help me? I just crashed my car and my baby is still in his car seat The storytellers tone became empathetic here. Of course, the lonely woman says, Okay, and the two go outside together. The rain picked up and things got really hard to see, but the lady guide the lonely woman to her car, which had fallen into a ditch. Inside, there was the little baby sitting in his seat, still alive. The lonely woman reached in to get it, but then she gets all shocked, because you know who was in the drivers seat? I shook my head while she allowed her pause to linger. It was the dead woman.

Samuel Beckett and Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting for Godot Essays

Samuel Beckett and Waiting for Godot As much as any body of writing this century, the works of Samuel Beckett reflect an unflinching, even obsessive flirtation with universal void. His literary and dramatic accounts of skirmishes with nothingness portray human beings (generally beings, at least, beings more or less human and intact) situated in paradoxical, impossibly absurd circumstances. Samuel Barclay Beckett was born in the comfortable Dublin suburb of Foxrock in 1906, on the 13th either of April, which was Good Friday that year, or else of May-he and his birth certificate always disagreed on this point. He was the number son of a fairly prosperous, middle-class, Protestant couple his father was a contractor and his mother a former nurse. Becketts education was conventional. When he was thirteen, his parents sent him to embarkment school at the Portora Royal in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland. He studied classics, and was also quite successful at cricket, rugby, and sw imming. In 1923, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he read Modern Languages. He was honored for high scholastic achievement upon receiving his BA degree in December 1927. In 1928 he began a literary career as a professor and critic. He tutored French for two terms at Campbell College, Belfast, and later that year he began a two-year reciprocation fellowship at the cole Normal Suprieure in Paris. While in Paris he met his mentor-to-be, James Joyce, and he began to write and publish reproof and poetry. He returned to Dublin, where between 1930 and 1932 he took his MA degree and lectured in French at Trinity College. For the next several years, he wrote and ... ..., Deirdre. Samuel Beckett A Biography. New York Summit, 1990. Beckett fiesta Dublin 1-20 October. Official program book of the Beckett Festival, in conjunction with the 1991 Dublin Theatre Festival. Dublin Beckett Festival, 1991. Beckett, Samuel. The Complete Dramatic Works. London Faber and Faber, 1986. Beckett, Samuel. Three Dialogues, transition 49, 5 (December 1949), pp. 97-103. In Samuel Beckett, A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Martin Esslin (New York Prentice Hall, 1965), 16-22 also in Ruby Cohn, Disjecta (New York, 1984), 138-45. Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. New York Vintage, 1955. Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. New York Anchor, 1969. Kennedy, Andrew K. Samuel Beckett. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1989. Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. New York Grove, 1983.

Advertisements Essay example -- essays papers

Advertisements Car safety is an issue that concerns people across the Nation. Millions of Americans expose each year due to fatal car accidents. The demand for safer automobiles is ever increasing. The Saturn Corporation recognizes this demand and has begun focusing its advertisements on Americas need to feel safe. Saturn brings together setting, color, and a main focus to create the image of a safe car company.In one particular Saturn ad, a Saturn worker stands in a populate surrounded by crash test dummies. The dummies in the background atomic number 18 stacked in a cluttered way. The piles of test dummies in the are meant to symbolize bodies. Saturn knows that the reader wont see inanimate objects, but actual human beings, because that is what the dummies are meant to portray. The rea...

Cultural Communities Essay -- Sociology, Culture

In this essay, I will argue that to understand a persons behaviour, ways of life and their development, we need to understand their heathen practices and peck of their communities. I will in like manner discuss how this can be done and the implication for this in early childhood education. Rogoff (2003) argues that humans are develops as cultural beings people develop as participants in cultural communities. Their development can be understood only in light of the cultural practices and circumstances of their communities- which also change (p. 3-4)According to Gonzalez- Mena (2003), understanding cultural differences can be confusing and no one can possibly know all close the elaboration of every family who might come into early childhood centres. So she questions whether this means that should educators throw up their hand and give up rather than seek answers by understanding cultural difference, by exploring its broad themes and organising concepts.Everyones activities are fr om their universal social-ecological community. Their social relationships, political influences, historical events, movements, economic situation and cultural background presume their activities (Prout, 2005, p. 25). Understanding deeply the reasons behind their activities is more important than lightly watching their surface activities. By understanding the reasons behind their activities, one gains more knowledge about an opposites ethnic context and is less likely to misunderstand the others ethnic life meaning. Whether the activity is an everyday chore or academic performance depends in large part on the circumstances that are routine in their community and on the cultural practices they are utilise to. An example in the Democratic Republic of Con... ...ment the beliefs and the cultural activities in the individual ways. So, I might avoid activities, which against the childs familys culture and beliefs, to the child.In Te Whriki (Ministry of Education MoE, 1996) under Commun ication strand the languages and symbols of their own and other cultures are promoted and protected. The curriculum goal states children experience an environment where they experience the stories and symbols of their own and other cultures (p. 16). In conclusion, understanding reasons behind peoples activities is more important, because the understanding could help us to suspend our own interpretations and values and beliefs in order to steel sense of others actions and culture. As well as this, the accurate understanding about young children, family and community could help me to implement early childhood education better.

International Coach Federation Code of Ethics

International Coach fusion Code of ethical motive International Coach confederation Code of Ethics Professional Conduct at Large 7 I will maintain, store, and dispose of any records created during my coaching business in a manner that promotes confidentiality, security, and privacy, and complies with any applicable laws and harborments Professional Conduct with Clients 12 I will not knowingly take any personal, professional, or monetary return or benefit of the coach-client relationship, except by a form of compensation as agreed in the agreement or contract. Professional Conduct with Clients 18 I will not become sexu eachy intimate with any of my current clients or sponsors. Confidentiality/Privacy and Conflicts of Interest. 22 I will maintain the strictest levels of confidentiality with all client and sponsor information.I will have a clear agreement or contract before releasing information to another person, unless required by law It is very interesting to learn that a coa ch and a teacher are very much alike in many ways, specially when it is about ethics. I learned also that the coachs pledge is very similar to the teachers. As an ICF Professional Coach, I acknowledge and agree to honor my ethical and legal obligations to my coaching clients and sponsors, colleagues, and to the public at large.I pledge to comply with the ICF Code of Ethics, and to practice these standards with those whom I coach. If I breach this Pledge of Ethics or any part of the ICF Code of Ethics, I agree that the ICF in its sole discretion may hold me accountable for so doing. I push agree that my accountability to the ICF for any breach may include sanctions, such as loss of my ICF membership and/or my ICF Credentials. Reference International Coach Federation Code of Ethics. Retrieved from www. coachfederation. org/ethics/EncacheSimilares

Principles of Decision Making Essay

Our economy is the result of millions of decisions we all make every day about producing, earning, saving, investing, and spending by Dwight Eisenhower (UBR, Inc. , 2007). What are the principles behind an individuals decision making? According to Mankiw, the four principles of individual decision making are as follows great deal pillow slip trade-offs, the apostrophize of something is what you give up to watch it, rational people think at the margin, and people respond to incentives. People face trade-offs by having to give up something to get what they want or need.This is no surprise for most people who learn early in life that few things are free. A trade off is when you put more into wizard and less in the other. As an example of a trade-off, many times college students give up spending time with their families and friends in order to do provision and accomplish their long-term goal of earning a degree. Because of trade-offs, making decisions require comparing the apos trophizes and benefits of alternative courses of action (Mankiw, 2007, p. 6). The cost of something is what you give up to get it. This intelligibly emphasizes that there are always costs to every decision that we make.These are what we called opportunity costs. An opportunity cost is what we have to give up to gain something else. It does non always have to be about financial matters but also situational issues. If individuals make the decision to return to school, they not only have a cost of m sensationtary impact on life but also a cost of time because they have chosen to study over their alternatives of working or socializing. Rational people think at margin. A rational decision maker takes an action if and only if the borderline benefit of the action exceeds the peripheral cost (Mankiw, 2007, p. ). Economic decision makers act in a rational manner.This means that decision makers prioritize the end results of their actions. They decide based on their wants and needs. Ration al people systematically are purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the opportunities they have (Mankiw, 2007). According to Mankiw, marginal changes are just slight adjustments to what is already being done by comparing the marginal cost and marginal benefit of something. This could be an individual going to the store to buy sugar.If the store has dickens brands of the same size that are of different prices, a person will buy the least expensive because there is no benefit to purchasing the more expensive sugar. Also, if a person desired to achieve higher grades, it is most likely that he would spend longer hours studying and reviewing his/her course. Also, if there were two competing companies, one offering a large compensation with benefits, the other lacking resources to render incentives, it is assumed that the applicant would prioritize the more productive company.In deciding what is paid in any economic situation, a decision maker has to assess the costs and benefits of any specific course of action. An example of a decision comparing the marginal benefit and the marginal cost associated with that decision occurs when purchasing a marked-up, last minute cruise line ticket for a very classical business transaction. The other alternatives are to either drive a car, ride on a plane or wait seven days to net income a much lower fee.The marginal benefits of less travel time, increased comfort and being able to meet the deadline on time all outweighed the marginal cost of the increased fee. The decision made was based on personal incentives and satisfaction. Of course, if the cruise line ticket fee had been higher than traveling by car, I would have chosen driving to have more vacation time and be able to reduce cost. Truly, marginal benefit and marginal cost abet in making financial decisions. Our personal budgeting skills will improve as we measure the costs of a financial decision. We will also direct the affordability o f the products and services.The principles of political economy affect decision making, interaction, and the workings of the economy as a whole because all people make decisions based on what they want and is best for them personally. For instance, the marginal costs and benefits are a vital part of economics because they help provide the relevant measurement of costs and benefits at a specific direct of production and consumption. Even if we do not realize it, we all make decisions based on our marginal evaluations of the alternatives. Like in buying a car, we consider not only affordability but also convenience.Economics plays a very significant role in many different aspects of peoples lives. all decision people make from how much they work, spend, save, and invest plays a role on their economy. Economics is something people use in a daily terra firma without even realizing it. Applying the said principles in decision making will allow us to plan and organize our goals in a ra tional and distinct manner. well-educated the cost of doing something will bring us awareness and make us more cautious as we implement our plans. It enables us to identify the trials and hardships that we have to face before reaching our goals.Exploring more about trade-offs brings us to the reality that in every aspect of our life, we have to consider giving up something before achieving what we in truth want. For example, big or small businesses have to consider the trade-offs in order to gain higher profitability. That is why some companies decrease manpower to reduce cost. On the other hand, doing this means depriving many workers the opportunity to earn for their families. The principles of economic decision making widens our perspective and guides us in implementing productive ideas.

Outline Influence of Childhood Experiences on Adult Relationships Essay

Individuals differ in their relationships psychologists feel researched whether braggart(a) relationships are related to early experiences in life. Bowlby believes that the type of relationship the various(prenominal) has with their primary caregiver gives a basis of a future relationship. This is called the internal working form. The fear of strangers re bes an important survival mechanism, which is by nature, babies display social releasers which helps them meet contact or proximity with the primary caregiver, as they similarly forget with their partner in their bounteous relationship.Another example of the internal working model is the continuity hypothesis, which is a key theory to explaining childhood or adolescent experiences on later adult relationships, where it states that childhood relationships will affect your future relationships, bloody shame Ainsworth explores this by looking at our relationships as infants as concluded three types Secure, insecure-avoidant, ins ecure-resistant.Secure is where the infant is in a calm state even without the bearing of the primary caregiver, secure avoidant is where renders little distress, avoids contact with caregiver when returns, and insecure-resistant is when child shows a lot of distress, anxious and nervous. This demonstrates the relationship that the child has with the primary caregiver when they are present and not present.This gives the child a set of beliefs about themselves and the nature of the relationship with others, the continuity thesis sees this as a predictive behaviour of future relationships. Hazen and Shaver also devised a theory that supports the continuity thesis, they say that when a child perceives a threat to a relationship or themselves, they will encounter frightened or worried, therefore they seek the primary caregivers attention. Depending on the situation the attachment behaviour varies depending on the need of the child.They also observed adult relationships, where adults normally feel safer and more secure when their partner is nearby and responsive, the partner may be used as a secure base, when they may feel sick or threatened they will seek attention of partner which mimics their infant-mother relationship. Another psychologist Freud, also looks into unresolved conflicts as a child, he links this into adult relationships, where he concluded that this could cause difficulty forming. He explains this using our defence mechanisms.Again, Hazer and Shaver supports the thesis as they published the love quiz in an American Newspaper, and found that the majority of responses were secure attachment which gave them long lasting happy and stable relationships, however this could be due to a social desirability, as further certain category of people would reply to the newspaper advertisement, for example middle class, or those that are happy in their relationship are more liable(predicate) to respond to the ad rather than those in an unhappy unfulfilling r elationship.The participants were given 3 statements which each reflected the type of attachments that Mary Ainsworth found, he found those who were securely attached bank each other and was in a happy stable relationship, those who were insecure avoidant were uncomfortable existence close to others and insecure resistant were likely to be possessive and preoccupied about their relationships.However this study has been criticised for social desirability as participants may respond different knowingly that their information would be shared, and also for being retrospective as they are doing this from memory However there has been other explanations that suggests otherwise, for example Kagan presents the temperament hypothesis where different infants simply may just have different personalities, for Kagan the strange situation measures the temperament rather than attachment and the attachment behaviours displayed are a reflection of this infants temperament.However the bizarre case study of the Czech twins would go against the continuity theory as to where their childhood attachment were abusive, unsatisfied and had no social or emotional bonds went to the opposite after they were pick out by two loving sisters who they formed a normal loving bond and both went onto have long lasting stable relationships, this doesnt show that adult relationships replicating childhood attachments as they are dormant able to have normal relationships without experiencing it at childhood.The continuity thesis is also very reductionist as they dont take in any other consideration or factors that can affect their relationships, for example peer influence, cultural differences for example, a leftist culture is more likely to spend most their time mothering the child, so they are more likely to form an insecure attachment, but can still go on to developing normal relationships.

The Sum Total of the Equipment of the Human Individual

Culture in ancient times was defined as the sum total of the equipment of the gracious individual, which enables him to be attuned to his immediate environment on the historical past on the other. It reflects in effect what humans have added to Nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society and includes, in addition to the arts and letters, the value systems, traditions, modes of life and beliefs of the society. It also absorbs from other cultures and undergoes changes with time, sometimes beneficial, sometimes regressive. (Barlas, 15).Culture traumatize is a severe mental reaction that results from adjusting to the realities of a society radic all told in ally different from ones own. The actual degree of culture shock may vary depending on the differences and similarities between the society studied and the persons own society. The symptoms may range from mild irritation to surprisal or disgust. (Scupin, 124). Usually after the pe rson experiencing culture shock learns the norms, beliefs, and practices of the community, the psychological disorientation of culture shock begins to diminish.This paper will be based upon culture shock and international business. There be three areas where culture shock could affect you1. Emotions-you have to cope with the stress of international work and keeping an emotional balance in order to perform in a business.2. persuasion style- you have to understand how your counterparts think and be able to develop culturally effective solutions.3. Social skills and social identity- you need effective social skills to establish radical business relationships. (Marx, 25).This differs from manager to manager, some managers seem to reconcile in an almost chameleon like way to different countries, whereas others cling desperately to their habits and their national approaches. works in a new culture can produce a variety of reactions, such asInappropriate social behaviorInability to ado pt close to your business partner and clinch the dealAll of the above are possible reactions to culture shock, the shock we experience when we are confronted with the un make don the inappropriate. The term culture shock was coined by the anthropologists Oberg, who explained both the symptoms and the process of adapting to a different culture. The experience of a new culture is seen as an unpleasant surprise or shock- a shock that occur when expectations do not coincide with reality. (Marx, 5). In his original article, Oberg lists six main aspects of culture shock1. Strain caused by the effort to adapt.2. Sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions.3. Feeling rejected by or rejecting members of the new culture.4. Confusion in role, determine and self-identity.5. Anxiety and even disgust/anger about foreign practices.6. Feelings of helplessness, not being able to cope with the new environment.Culture shock in all its diverse form is completely normal and is part of a successful process of adaptation. Oberg also developed a model of adaptation that suggests that freeing overseas or working internationally put you through or cycle of distinct phases on the way to final adaptations.The first stage is the honeymoon phase, where all encounters in a new place are seen as exciting, positive and stimulating. The new life is viewed as providing endless opportunities and the manager is commonly in a state of exhilaration. There is openness and curiosity, combined with a readiness to accept whatever comes. Most importantly, at this stage judgment is reserved and even youngster irritations are suppressed in favor of concentrating on the n ice things about the job, the commonwealth, the colleagues, the food, etc.In the second phase, culture shock sets in- the manager realizes that something is not quite right. This experience of foreignness can start with a creeping awareness of disorientation and a feeling of not quite knowing what is going on. It can also include very negative symptoms, such as stress (being unable to sleep or eat), irritability, and a negative view of the job, the country and colleagues. This phase is characterized by a general unease that can involve being uncomfortable with the new situation but can border on hating everything foreign.The main reason for these symptoms is an uncertainty about our surroundings our future and ourselves. The usual signs if orientation and belonging do not exist, we dont quite know who we are without the familiar social context, and the way our foreign colleagues behave seems all wrong. How individual managers deal with this particular phase and its emotions, thinking and expectations are essential for their overall adaptation in the long run.The ideal approach is to use the symptoms and the unpleasantness as a clear indicator that it is time to change our approach and to engage in some form of self-development both in dealing with our emotions and in understanding ourselves and others. The worst type of approach is to ignore the symptoms, to resort to superficial solutions or to adapt a rigid stance of believing that only out methods are correct and forcing these methods/management techniques on foreign colleagues.The third phase of recovery usually starts with accepting that we have a problem and that we have to work on it. Both recovery and the final adjustment phase usually involve a compromise between the feeling and thinking of the honeymoon phase and the culture shock phase. This compromise is between our exaggerated expectations and reality. In the final, adjustment stage managers are able to work effectively, know the limitations ways of doing things and most importantly, are able to be more flexible. (Marx, 8).

Introduction of the bachelor and master system Essay

Globalization and liberalization ar two factors that greatly impact on the potential that nations befuddle for generating esteem. Of the numerous dynamics that affect the society in the current operational environment, sphericization comes up as the most influential due to the effect that it has on nearly all welkins of the modern economies (Neal 129).With increase in interaction between several(predicate) communities a need for standardization has demonstrable due to difference in standards and approaches that are employed crossways different societies (Lee 43). electronic standard, wireless protocols, foreign courts and merchandise blocks have all come up as a result of the need to standardize approaches that the current societies use.The europiuman which is the largest trading block ball-shapedly has also come to terms with the fact that there is need for standardization especially in the area of high culture olibanum the bologna correspond (Loosvelt and Gysen 16 3). However, the effect of standardization of higher bringing up is viewed differently with whatsoever claiming that it impacts positively on the education standards in europium while well-nigh positing to the fact that it could reduce flexibility and therefore relevance of the education dodging to individual societies (Alesi and RosznyaI, 396).This study employs the aid of existing look intoes and theories to explore the effects of the bologna play including its advantage on some(prenominal) employers and employees with the aim of seeking to develop a clear testify of its implication and areas that may need make headway address to suss out(p) that Europe optimizes gains in its educational and social systems. The bologna Process The main motivation to the bologna accept was to check into increased compatibility of higher education standards across Europe (Van Biesen and Rahier 222). The naming of the bologna process follows directly from the Italian city in which it was signed (Dobrenkova 46).though 29 nations were the initial signatories to the process, the number has increased with time. The write of the bologna process is considered the end process of numerous processes notably in Germany and Western Europe universities that were aimed at harmonization of the architecture or systems that is employ in higher education (Lindblom-Ylanne and Hamalainen 161). Nearly all members of the council of Europe are signatories to the consort through there are nations that despite applying were denied a position to be in the process.The basic approach that is employed by the Bologna process employs three stages or cycles of higher education qualification. The main defining factors of the Bologna process are the qualification and ECTS credits. Bachelors stage, know and doctoral degrees are some of the key variables that are considered under qualification. Most nations in Europe employ the 3-2-3 year cycle to assure completions of the three levels in higher education as per the Bologna accord (Malan 295). Though the actual naming of the degree run away may vary from one nation to the some other, an academic year is standardized to 60 ECTS credits (Pusztai and Szabo 102).There is a clear correlation between this new system and the approaches that are employed in North America and level(p) in Japan with many researchers and educators stating that this may be the way forward with obeisance to global education (Becker 265). A noticeable change that is a result of the Bologna process is more emphasis being awarded to practical training and regular(a) research projects. This is in line with developments in education that have generally been geared towards adoption of approaches that are more practice oriented.The credits being a meter of the input that students have in their education is reflective of not just the overall cognitive abilities but also presentation skills (Patricio and Engelsen 601) innovation, hours spent studyi ng and even general skills (Tauch 277). Many education experts are of the view that this development brings educations closer to the society and indispensablenesss in practice where theoretical and practical skills are all of import in ensuring readiness and improvement of the disposition of practice.The main issues that the Bologna process sought to address arise from responsibility in higher education, governance, research, values, changes in the character of society and increase in complexness that establishments and organizations face which has led to high qualification needs. With the effectuations of the Bologna process educations is provided with higher flexibility that makes it easier for students to move from one institution to the other within Europe (Berner and Richter 251).Other benefits that have come up as result of the Bologna process include increased attr vigorousness of higher education in Europe, a broader higher education framework that places emphasis on quality and advancement of knowledge base and an increase in the levels of convergence between US and Europe with respect to higher education standards which increases the scope of education and its absorption of European students into mainstream job market places.Like all change processes the Bologna process was criticized from some quarters with some being of the view that the framework select favored the UK especially England and Ireland while presenting numerous difficulties to continental Europe nations (Vogel 133). frugal and Academic Background higher(prenominal) education uniform all other systems in the current society is affected by increase in woo of operations. Many educators are of the view that the basic factor that underpins a number of plans developed by the EU is economic consideration and this is reflected in the Bologna process.Researchers and education theorists are of the view that the Bologna process is aimed at enlarging the higher education system in Eu rope with the aim of cutting down on damage and therefore ensuring a Europe wide standardization (Beertsen 107). The changes are cited as being in line strategies that have been proposed by the WTO and GATS in education that have generally been aimed at minimizing and even eliminating the control that political systems have over higher education.The academic aspect is considered central to the numerous differential viewpoints that have been developed of the place of the Bologna process in ensuring that educational goals are met (Moshkin 10). In fact nearly all controversies that surround the Bologna process have their innovation on the academic and social impact of the Bologna process rather than the impact that it could have on economies. Continental Europe nations mainly employ a model that was inspired by the German educational system where a clear difference existed between vocational and academic training (Ash 264).This system from the upgrades that it has real was viewed a s counter-productive thus the adoption of a system that is in line with the side. The main areas that were of concern under such an educational system which was employed by a majority of continental Europe nations is the fact that vocational training was not developed with the aim of further studies. Masters level education was a minimum level requirement in some handle for instance engineering which limited the applicability of Bachelors level education in some fields (Chuchalin 200).Moreover, the continental approach to Bachelors degree did not prepare the students for employment rather it was aimed at preparing them for masters level education. This reduced the skills that such students had and the level of efficiency that they display in the workforce. Despite the disparity in level of skills that Bachelors level student displayed with respect to their ability to manage workforce issues, they were awarded the same backup as engineers.One of the key implications of the Bologna process is therefore an urgent need for steps that are aimed at harmonization of professional bodies which requires revaluation and in some cases change in qualification (Hibbert 34). Moreover a number of key assumptions that have been made by the Bologna process have been under blot for instance 60 ECTS per year requirement is based on the assumption that 1500-1800 hours go forth be available in a year which presents a complexity in its implementation if it is considered that it does not standardize semesters.Other critics claim that some courses were just redefined with no change in course content or requirement which due to ECTS requirements effectively implies additional demand with little gain (Sanz and van der 34). These are some of the key issues that have been highlighted as being central to controversies environ the objectivity in implementation of the Bologna process.However, the fact that it is being employed and nations seek being signatories implies that an understa nding of the benefits is critical in find the areas that it could be lacking in and therefore the development that can be incorporated to ensure that the society gains for it is the future day of European education. Implication on Selected Educational Systems A appraise of selected educational systems shows that the implications of the Bologna accord have had differential effects across Europe. The Finish system of higher education was least affected by the implementation of the Bologna accord.The major changes are the inclusion of engineering and military programs into masters and bachelors systems and increase in adoption of English as the main language. A course that has basically remained the same as it was before the adoption of the Bologna accord is medicine which still runs on a five years program (Cooper 259). The Italian system was based on award of a degree after the first three years of undergraduate level education that had no value in the market unless one went ahea d and finished graduate level course has changed considerably.A three plus two year system has been adopted though there are some exceptions to the structure of Nuovo ordinamento (Kilic 319). Medicine and some areas of science have not changed and place a requirement of up to sestet years of undergraduate level education before one can proceed to masters level. In UK the implication of the Bologna accord differs with the nations. The educational systems in England, Scotland and Wales display some significant differences due to the nature of their formulation. The England system though relaying some similarities to the Italian system is fundamentally different from others in Europe (Georgantopoulou 13).In Wales it was possible for a student straight from high school to undertake a program that would lead to attainment of a masters degree without having to undergo undergraduate level education. The Scottish system which is one of a kind due to the flexibility that it offers lower lev el educational stakeholders like school heads to formulate curricula was also affected considerably. low the Bologna accord all this systems can actively seek educational goals and students can easily commute from one institution to the other without having to worry about the grade that he has deliver the goods and even difficulty in integrating into the new system.There is no doubt that the Bologna accord has played an alpha enjoyment in convergence of standards that are used in higher level education which is an essential factor in ensuring that the role of the EU in ensuring labor mobility is reach. Employers Advantages Pro Bologna Reform activists are generally of the view that it is the best development that has happened in Europes educational systems for a long time (Stallmann 24). This is the same view that is held by computing enthusiasts on the level of development that computing has attained due to the standardization of protocols.Standardization is generally percei ved as an avenue through which development within any industry can be model in a manner that increases the level of interrelationship between existing systems. A melange of degree titles defined the higher education systems in Europe before the implementation of the Bologna accord. The effects of the confused state on European employees were high due to the effect of EU policies that were seeking economic integrating (Rauhvargers 341). Employers found it hard to develop an objective measure that could be used in determining the potential of job seekers by objectively assessing their academic credentials.Under such an environment the benefits that European nations sought through economic integration and ensuring workforce mobility was reduced. Business and management education is one of the areas that have been affected by the Bologna accord. Globally employers and HR executives were becoming more confused with the bachelor, Lauren and Diplomkaufmann titles that were held by jobsee kers (Verhesschen and Verburgh 134). Complexity in assessing the potential of a job applicant is further brought out if the array of masters degree programs that were offered is considered.The effects of the Bologna accord are numerous and impact on not just the educational systems or employers but also governments (Sanz 141). Countries that have employed the Bologna accord are more likely to partake in the benefits that it offers especially with respect to reducing the occur costs of higher education. Moreover, the quality and competitive degree programs that are offered under the Bologna accord present such nations with an edge with respect to attracting students into their institutions. Such students may play a role in ensuring overall development in host nations.The benefits that the Bologna accord present with respect to predictable educational budget, firm course durations, predictable enrolment and graduation rates which aid in budgeting and educational planning and shorter graduate study will play a role in ensuring that the span of productivity is increased (Giuliano 103). The introduction of shorter masters degree level courses that is pushed for by the Bologna Accord will play an consequential role in ensuring that education in Europe is compatible to standards that are being employed in other nations.In a global environment where commercialization of education is widespread the international students that pay considerably higher than their domestic counterparts will pave a way for the education systems to gain more revenues. However, a number of issues arise relating the specific details in implementing the strategies. Language is a key issue that has been central in discussions relating to mastery that can be attained in ensuring integration. Generally English being the most developed and popular language in global circles has been adopted by a number of masters programs.Relaxation of immigration and permit requirements has come up as one of t he areas that governments must be wary of to ensure gains from the Bologna process (Griffin 98). Such a process must be carried out in tandem with simplifications of visa conversion from study to employment if Europe to gain the most out of the benefits presented by the Bologna accord. The nature of strategies and even systems that are employed by the education systems is affected by workforce requirements.Employer requirements are cited as critical factors in determining the curricular and even activities that are embedded into school systems especially at higher level of learning. high education strategies are highly dependent on the nature of requirements that they are placed on social systems (Sakari 179). Employees are cited as playing a key role in determining the level of success that can be attained in implementing the Bologna accord. Unless employers can actively seek and employ Bachelors level graduates then the value of this level of education will be lost across Europe. Researchers are of the view that though standardization has been achieved with the adoption of the Bologna accord by various stakeholders success in its implementations is highly dependent on collaboration between employers, instructors and evens students. Unless higher education seeks to develop critical lifelong learners the benefits that employers stand to gain from the Bologna accord are minimal. This is in line with the fact that employers having realized the role played by critical reflective skills spend consummate funds on development of interpersonal, leadership and chat skills (Widerberg 137).The key challenge that European educational institutions face in ensuring success with the aid of the Bologna accord is to provide students with high transformational potential that will ensure they are easily employed. As the Bologna accord takes root, many will seek graduate level education and therefore employers will be provided with a far much wider pool of experienced job seeke rs to choose from. This is one of the key goals that were sought in formulating the EU.Moreover, a clear description of the course presents a common approach to assessment that encompasses all areas that employers seek and aid in accurately determining the exact qualifications required for a given job title (Jaschke and Neidhardt 306). Employees have to take steps in ensuring that their requirements and overall HR departments are aware of the differing qualifications that are offered by institutions. Despite initiatives that have sought employment of Bachelors degree holders, it is generally believed that masters level education will continue being a key prerequisite for entry into mainstream employment (Zgaga 253).However, most researchers are of the view that this condition can be reversed with the input of the public sector which is in fact the largest employer in all European nations. If the public sector seeks bachelors level education then there is a high likelihood that other employers with follow suit which will aid in ensuring Bologna accord goals are attained. With time and maturity of the job market, both bachelors and graduate job seekers will be effectively absorbed into the job market thus increased workforce availability.Another benefit that employers stand to gain from business oriented degrees is their ability to offer a course of study upon which bachelors degree holders from other fields can seek further studies in business related subjects (Labi A36). Such a process leads to graduates who have diversified skills that are relevant to global operational environment. It is essential to note that experience has been highlighted as one of the factors that greatly determines the pay and even suitability of an employee irrespective of the level of education that one has attained. EmployeesThe Bologna accord is considered a platform upon which students are presented with new opportunities that they can effectively use in sidelining the long cycle to seeking graduate level education into stages with increase in platform upon which they can seek further education. Increased student mobility associated with the accord is likely to present the platform upon which employees can seek further their life historys. The choice though complicated offers students with the opportunity to either continues with their education or seek employment after undergraduate level which presents a wider platform for finale making.This is further complicated by the multitude of courses that students have in choosing the course or areas of specialization at graduate level. This is likely to lead to an increase in the levels of diversity that is displayed by employees which may directly translate to increase in the level of tilt in the job market or reduced competition depending on the qualification that a employees display (Konjic and Sarajlic 219). The Bologna accord is also cited as being a catalyst to increased academic activities across Europe .Employees are under increased pressure to ensure that they update their skills and acquire sevenfold skills to develop in their areas of professionalism. Another area that employees are likely to benefit from is applicability of their skills. A factor that has for a long time been central to the difficulties that students and even employees face in making the most out of the freedom that they are presented by the EU is language barrier and the differential systems that were used across Europe (Sandstrom 61).The Bologna accord presents a standardized education system that predominantly uses English as the main mode of transmission thus increased availability of jobs in even areas that were least accessed due to language barriers. Another area that the Bologna accord has impacted on is decision making. Most employers often consider their jobs as their source of livelihood. Decision making as one of the most important variable that determine the direction that ones life will take is complicated by the number of options that one has (Augusti 258).The Bologna accord presented employees and students with multiple options on which to base their professional development each of which impact directly in the quality of education that they can attain. Having such a large root word presents complexity in decision making which may even lead to the development of firms that seeks to guide professionals into their career paths. This is an example of a development and even complexity that is presented with standardization of education across Europe. Employers sensationThere is a large potential that has been presented to European employees with respect to seeking suitable candidates by the Bologna accord (Adelman 11). However, surveys across Europe show that the level of awareness that employers have of the potential that is presented by the Bologna accord is low (Jung-Eun 36). Generally the low level of awareness that employers have of the accord is a worrying situation considering the role that employers have to play in ensuring that its goals are attained.Numerous independent studies have shown that up to 64% of employers are unaware of the existence of Bologna process in the UK (Shearman 177). The same trends are observed in Finland with a far much grim picture painted in Italy where up to 80% of the employers are not aware of the existence of the Bologna process (Guth 331). These statistics paint a grim situation and a clear need for politicians and policy makers to work round the clock to ensure that the state is corrected failure to which the potential benefits that could be attained with the implementation of the accord may never be experienced.A far worse picture is created if research findings on employers that are informed on the internal details of the accord are considered. Basically less than 5% of all employers in Europe are aware of the details relating to the implementation of the accord and the implications that it could have on th e nature of the job market (Salzer 656). Awareness is first exploitation on this poor state in implementation of the accord and has led to a number of taskforces and even researches that have sought to determine corrective measures that can be put in place to ensure that the initial goals of the accord are driven at (Wex 76).The measures not only seek to raise the levels of awareness that employers have of the Bologna accord but are also aimed at devising systems and means through which employers can reduce their transaction costs when seeking new employees (Burnett 287). A systematic exchange of information between parties that are involved in the Bologna accord is one of the recommendations that have been developed to aid address the worrying situation.Sharing experiences between students has also been cited as a possible avenue to ensuring that future employers are aware of the benefits presented by the Bologna accord in the higher education framework in Europe (Witte and van de r Wende 217). Increased involvement of employers and career advisers by developing information packages that are targeted at this audience is one of the directions that can be sought in ensuring that career goals are accurately sought. analytic thinking A deeper analysis of the Bologna accord shows that it has implications that may be further than the current economic effect that it is assessed under.The EU as an economic system is an important factor in determining the level of efficiency that can be attained with the application of the accord and is a critical reference point with respect to its effect on the political, social and organizational systems (Veiga and Amaral 61). From the discussions it is apparent that though the freedom that is presented by the EU in terms of movement serves as an effective platform for the Bologna accord, there are several policy issues that are yet to be addressed that would ensure ease of movement and even transformation of students into active workforce.The effects of globalization and an improved information system together present an effective platform upon which students from different cultural backgrounds can easily interact to ensure gain from the education system (Karran 7). Though there have been some resistance to the implementation of the accord the levels of adoption that it has received is reflective of the growing appreciation of its relevance in consideration of the nature of the modern society. Multiculturalism is fast developing within Europe which presents a suitable avenue to ensuring ease in accessing employees of different background.This diversity that is presented to employers is cited as being a critical ingredient to generating value in competitive business segments (Sall and Ndjaye 47). However, an understanding of the complexity that is associated with management of diversity has to be developed for any value to be generated. Though diversity is associated with generation of value, an understandi ng of how it can effectively be managed is important in ensuring that this benefit is gained. In general there are a number of strengths and benefits that are associated with the Bologna accord.One of the notable threats is the erosion of the level of awareness that curricula have to issues that are of matter to to a particular society (Gaston 17). The implementation of the Bologna accord is based on the assumption that the effects of globalization in Europe is high to the period that Europe can be considered a single society that is faced with similar educational challenges. The reality is that Europe is diverse and made up of both developed and developing nations that have different needs and are of different perception on what can be considered an effective higher educational system.Recommendations Though the goals and even theory beneath the implementation of the Bologna accord are noble, practical implementation issues pose a threat to the achievement of its objectives. Creat ing awareness among employees and developing further avenues for employment are some of the issues that have to be addressed in seeking its goals. Incorporation of other nations in the EU is also important in ensuring that overall development of the EU as a region is attained (Petit and Foriers 16).More research ought to be conducted on avenues that can be used in ensuring that challenges that are unique to communities are accurately addressed failure to which the role of higher education in ensuring address of social and even common issues may be lost. Works Cited Adelman, Clifford. Accountability Light Our Version Is Going the Way of the Dollar vs. the Euro. Liberal Education, 94. 4(2008) 6-13. Alesi, Bettina and RosznyaI, Christina. The Implementation of Bachelor and Master Programmes in Hungary. European ledger of Education, 42. 3(2007) 395-409. Ash, Mitchell. Bachelor of What, Master of Whom?The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German-Speaki ng Europe and the US. European daybook of Education, 41. 2(2006) 245-267. Augusti, Giuliano. Transnational acquaintance and accreditation of engineering educational programmes in Europe perspectives in a global framework. European Journal of Engineering Education, 31. 3(2006) 249-260. Becker, Frank. Globalization, curricula reform and the consequences for engineers working in an international company. European Journal of Engineering Education, 31. 3(2006) 261-272. Beertsen, Wendy. PhD Programmes. European Journal of Dental Education, 10.2(2006) 107 Berner, Heike and Richter, Roland. Accreditation of Degree Programmes in Germany. Quality in Higher Education, 7. 3(2001) 247-257. Burnett, John. Tilling the soil of the European higher education area. Educational Action Research, 15. 2(2007) 283-293 Chuchalin, Boev. The Russian system of higher education in view of the Bologna process. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, 44. 2(2007) 109-225. Cooper, David. Intern ational restructuring of higher education comments on implications of global trends, for restructuring of Sociology in South Africa.South African Review of Sociology, 37. 2(2006) 260-292. Dobrenkova, Erick. Problems of Russias Entry into the Bologna Process. Russian Education & Society, 50. 4(2008) 42-51. Gaston, Paul. Bologna A Challenge for Liberal Education and an Exceptional Opportunity. Liberal Education, 94. 4(2008) 14-19 Georgantopoulou, Catherine. medical examination education in Greece. checkup Teacher, 31. 1(2009) 13-17 Giuliano, Augusti. Accreditation of engineering programmes at European level. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, 44. 2(2007) 101-208 Griffin, Gabriele.Womens/Gender Studies,1 Professionalization and the Bologna ProcessCross European Reflections. NORA Nordic Journal of Womens Studies, 14. 2(2006) 87-102 Guth, Jessica. The Bologna Process The Impact of Higher Education Reform on the Structure and Organisation of Doctoral Programmes i n Germany. Higher Education in Europe, 31. 3 (2006) 327-338 Hibbert, Lee. Time serving. Professional Engineering, 20. 7(2007) 33-34. Jaschke, Hans-Gerd and Neidhardt, Klaus. A Modern Police Science as an Integrated Academic Discipline A Contribution to the Debate on its Fundamentals. Policing & Society, 17. 4(2007) 303-320. Jung-Eun Oh.Equity of the Bologna System. European Education, 40. 1(2008) 35-50. Karran, Terence. Pan-European Grading Scales Lessons from National Systems and the ECTS. Higher Education in Europe, 30. 1(2005) 5-22. Kilic, Puljak. Studying electrical engineering and information technology at the University of Split, Croatia. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, 44. 2(2007) 175-357. Konjic, Tatjana and Sarajlic, Nermin. Higher education structure at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Tuzla modulate of the Bologna agreement. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, 44.2(2007) 166-339. Labi, Aisha. Bologna Conference Highlights Progress and Limits of Europes New Degree Cycles. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53. 39(2007) A36 Lee, Hibbert. Degrees of separation. Professional Engineering, 21. 6(2008) p43-44. Lindblom-Ylanne, Sari and Hamalainen, Kauko. The Bologna Declaration as a Tool to Enhance Learning and Instruction at the University of Helsinki. International Journal for Academic Development, 9. 2(2004) 153-165. Loosvelt, Hugo and Gysen, Marleen. Engineering education at the Association K. U. Leuven A changing higher education landscape.International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, 44. 2(2007) 146-300. Malan, Thierry. Implementing the Bologna Process in France. European Journal of Education, 39. 3(2004) 289-297. Moshkin, Mikhail. EMOTIONS RUN HIGH OVER BOLOGNA. Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 59. 43(2007) 9-10. Neal, Sturgess. Clive Bologna and the MEng Sleepwalking into unknown and unpredictable district. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Ed ucation, 44. 2(2007) 129-266. Patricio, Madalena and Engelsen, Corine. Implementation of the Bologna two-cycle system in medical education Where do we stand in 2007?-Results of an AMEE-MEDINE survey. Medical Teacher, 30. 6(2008) 597-605. Petit, Pascale and Foriers, Andre. The introduction of new teaching methods in pharmacy educationI. Lessons learned from history. Pharmacy Education, 8. 1(2008) 13-18. Pusztai, Gabriella and Szabo, Peter. The Bologna Process as a Trojan Horse. European Education, 40. 2(2008) 85-103. Rauhvargers, Andrejs. Improving the Recognition of Qualifications in the Framework of the Bologna Process. European Journal of Education, 39. 3(2004) 331-347. Sakari, Ahola. From Different but Equal to Equal but Different Fi

Pearl River Piano

Introduction PRPG was a state- have enterprise and was developed form an old mild factory in Guangzhou of China. The subdued factory is hardened Pearl River, so that the brand ofpianoiscalledPearlRiver. Sincetheadoptionofanopen-doorpolicy,Chinaexploited a range of new opportunities provided by a foodstuff-oriented economy forexpanding productionion, employments, and profits through indigent trade markets. As a result, PRPG search a chance due to import technology and exhibitionrting products, and then they were expended to become Pearl River piano industrial Corporation.Theirbusiness become moresuccessful , fter they merger with several small company. In2000, PRPG had more than 130 strategic alliance through-outs the country, in addition to 208 sales units. Question1 displace onindustry- resource- andinstitution-based views, explain howPRPG,fromits humble roots,managed tobecomeChinaslargestand theworlds second largest piano producer. 1. 1 Industry-based view Rivalryamongest ablished unassailableswhitethornpromptcertainmoves. PRPGfacesomechallenges, since piano is traditional European musical instrument, European pianoshas a long history, and they always place upper market, such as Steinway.PRPG will faceastrongchallengewhentheytargetuppermarket. Forex adeninele,althoughYAMAHA is the largest piano producers, they focus on medium and low-end markethowever, Tong would like their PRPG become better(p) brand, next only to Steinway. Inaddition, PRPG not only import technology of piano making, but also direct andintroduce western culture to them. Higher the entry barriers, PRPG face the difficult entre in USmarket the US peopledo not believe PRPG can make low price high quality products. PRPG cannot easily target foreign people.US people stay loyal to their local product. The bargaining power of buyers may lead to certain foreign market entries. In USmarket, there are many competitors, such as Steinway. Steinway product always target upper market. Buyers may buy Steinway product, rather than PRPG. 1. 2 Resource-based view in 1960-1980, the factory had real low productivities, lowcompetitive ability, even less than 100 labors and produce only 13 pianos per year. The industry introduced total quality of management in 1988, and they also promoteISO 9000 in 1998.Moreover, they reinforced business partnership with YAMAHA via joint venture. Asaresult,PRPGlearnedhighertechnologyskillviabusinessactivities. PRPG not only import technology of piano making, but also learn and introducewestern culture to them. Tong pay attention to communicate with their employees in order to build goodGUANXI. Tong also established close descent with some famous world well-know piano players, and recommended they play their Pearl River piano in theirconcerts. This is celebritys appeal strategy in order to target people.Innovation included the consequence of new technology in production and quality measurement and production innovation. Production innovation can be concluded developing a all-encompassing range of pianos to meet the upper-, medium- and low-end marketin order to target different consumers group. 1. 3 Institution-based view Regulatory risksThese risks are associated with unfavorable political sympathies policies. Since the adoptionof an open-door policy, PRPG is allowed import high technology and export theirproducts. As a WTO member, the governments has been encouraging local industries to learn from their foreign partners.Currency riskChinaisbecominganexportpowerhouse,whichcausedthefrictionwith early(a)countries, united States in particular. The U. S. senators urging the Whitehouse toexert pressure to China for RMB revaluation most recently and President Obama gavean official statement to point out RMB should be appreciated. Chinas direct responseto RMB rate issue can be found in Premier Wen JiaBaos answer in the pressconference just after the NPCampCPCC* this month in Beijing. Premier Wen claimedRMB is not raise in v alue by presenting Chinas increased figure of imp/expo absolutevalue in 2009.Question 2Why didTong believe thatPRPG must engagein significant internationalization(instead of the current direct export strategy) at this point? Chinaisacountrywithahugeexportingactivities,recentlyitischangingitsexporting mode which from low-wage and low-labor-cost improvement towards high-tech, high-value-added exports. Pearl River Piano Group, a state-owned company inChina, had been stimulated from a slow-moving Chinese true founded in the1956 toa booming global company with growing sales in municipal market and internationalmarket.While it has a good performance in the low-end product separate in the international market, there was an issue about whether Pearl River Piano could be awell-known global brandby ascending to themid-high product segment, and whetherit could achieve preserve growth by building a reputable and high-quality brandname in the world. 2. 1 Direct exports Directexportsrepresen tthemostbasicmodeofentry,whichcapitalizesoneconomized of scale in production grueling in the home country and affordsbetter control over distribution.However, if the products involved are bulky. This strategy essentially treats foreign demand as an extension of municipal demand,and the firm is geared toward designing and producing for the domestic market firstand foremost. While direct exports may work if the export volume is small, it is notoptimal when the firm has a large number of foreign buyers. 2. 2 Dissatisfied of thePearl River piano progress ThecompanyestablishedajointventurewithYamahain1995. by means ofthispartnership, PRPG learned how to make a world-class and high quality product.Bythe end of 2000, PRPG was the largest piano builder in china, the second largest in theworld, with an annual production competency of over100,000 pianos. The company hadmore than 4,000 employees with a total asset value of approximately $130 million. Also it diversified into other musical instrument, and contains more than 50% ofpiano market in China. However, Tong did not satisfy this progress he thought thePearl River piano could be a world class brand. 2. 3 Competition in domestic marketHundreds of private companies began entering the market and competing with theirlow quality and low price products. Such as the old well-known brand Star sea and NiEr, and numbers of emerging piano builder company with a low price products. 2. 4 Future prospects of PRPG According to the case, Tong believed that the company could survive by themselvesin domestic market however it is impossible for an entrepreneur to stay in the sameposition permanently. And he thought that the company had made some successes, butit is not decent for a company to stay in the good position.The company is stilldeveloping and it needs to extend business in the global market in order to satisfycompanys strategy. 2. 5 Challenges in international market WhencomparedwithotherChinesepianobuilders,PRPGhadga inedsomeexperience in exporting. Tong believed that although thepiano market in theUS was mature, PRPG could still take advantage in the market. Because US havea high levelof labor cost, PRPG could take advantage of low-budget labor cost in China with high levelof product quality to gain market position in US market. On the other hand, it isdifficult to enter into the US market.If company want to extend business in USmarket, firstly PRPG need to introduce the US partner to the Chinese market, as anexchange for itsentry to theUS market. Finally, PRPG established asales subsidiaryin the US market for move on expands. 2. 6 Building world class brand Direct exporting could be an efficient way for company to make sales, but it onlysuitable for a briefly term development. For long term, PRPG must build its world classbrand and provide high quality product to target upper level markets in order tomaximize profit for sustainable development.Question 3If you were one of the professors who visited Tong in March of 2000, how wouldyou have briefed him about the pros and cons of various foreign market entryoptions? 3. 1 Non- beauteousness modes (exports and contractual agreements) Tends to reflect relatively smaller commitments to overseas markets, which do notcall require independent organizations. 3. 11 Exports 1) Direct exports treats foreign demand as an extension ofdomestic demand, and thefirm is geared toward designing and producing for the domestic market first andforemost. ) Indirect exports exporting through domestically based export intermediaries. 1 Non truthmodes 1 Non-equity modes Exports Pros Cons Economics of scale in production concentrated in home country. High transportation costs for bulky products. Direct Exports Better control over distribution (relative to indirect export) Marketing distance from customers. raft barriers. Indirect exports Concentration of resources on production. Less control over distribution (relative to direct exports ) No need to directly handle export processes. Inability to learn how to operate overseas. 3. 12 Contractual agreements 1)Licensing/franchisingthelicensor/franchisersellstherightstointellectualproperty such as patents and know-how to the licensee/franchisee for a royalty fee. 2) Turnkey projects projects inwhich clients pay contractors todesign andconstructnew facilities and train personnel. 3) RampD contracts outsourcing agreements in RampD between firms (that is, firm Aagrees to perform certain RampD work for firm B). 4)Comarketingagreementsamonganumberoffirmstojointlymarket their products and services. Non-equity modes Contractual agreements Pros Cons Low development costs. Little control over technology and marketing Licensing/Franchising Low risk in overseas expansion. may create competitors Inability to engage in global coordination. Turnkey projects Ability to earn returns from process technology in countries where FDI is restricted May create efficient competitors. Lack of long-term presence. Ability to tap into the best locations for certain innovations at low costs. Diffecult to negotiate and enforce contracts. RampD contracts May nurture innovative competitors. May lose core innovation capabilities. Co-marketing Ability to reach more customers. Limited coordination. 3. 2 Equity modes (joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries) Indicate relatively larger, harder to reverse commitments, and equity modes call forestablishing independent organizations overseas. 3. 21 Joint ventures a new entity given birth and jointly owned by two or more parent companies. 3 Equity modes Joint venture Pros Cons Sharing costs and risks. Divergent goals and interests of partners. Access to partners knowledge and assets. Limited equity and operational control. Politically acceptable. Difficult to coordinate globally. 3. 22 Wholly ownedsubsidiaries 1) Green-field operations building factories and offices from scratch. 2) AcquisitionA corp orate actionin whichacompanybuysmost, ifnotall, of thetarget companys ownership stakes in order to assume control of the target firm. 4 Equity modes Wholly owned subsidiaries Pros Cons Complete equity and operational control. Potential political problems and risks. Green-field projects Protection of technology and know-how. High development costs. Slow entry speed (relative to acquisitions) Acquisitions Same as green-field (above) Same as green-field (above), shut out slow speed. Fast entry speed Post-acquisition integration problems. Question 4 Again, if you were one of those professors, what method would you have tosuggest as a way to tackle the US market? Method has been talked before Joint venturesNowadays, joint ventures have been the main form of foreign direct investment (FDI). 4. 1 Problems to tackle the US market 4. 1 How toget a partnership withlocal company? US dont believe Chinese company can make good quality and cheap price products. They dont trust overseas company. They consider Chinese company as a competitormore than a partner. 4. 12 Administrative requirements US government wants their own people to benefit from industrialization. So they pushforeign investors to ally with local firms before graniting access to market. 4. 2Suggestions 4. 21Share ownership with US companies Increase the trust each other Goal encourage some ethnic citizens to participate in industrial development. To

Palliser analysis

International University Vietnam bach of Commerce Program Assignment Cover Page Question Companies internationalist for a variety of reasons and in a variety of ways. Discuss a major issue that a company will face while internationalisation and how it may manage this challenge. Use examples from real companies to illustrate your points. Essay In the world, some(prenominal) companies want to internationalist to draw out or find a potential market but they moldiness face many issues, such as red tape, language and cross culture.This essay will try out a major issue of miss encounter in quality of products ND capacity of employees of Coca-cola when they internationalization and how the firms kneadd this problem. According to Bartlett and Shoal model, Coca-Cola chooses global strategies because they need to reduce the cost of production and it in any case becomes a reason why they internationalist. Additionally, Coca-cola entry into mainland China because of three advantages of Dunning motive model. Firstly, Coca-Cola has their own pattern and reinforced brand image, so they toilette compete with local companies easily (Lily et al 2013).In addition, Lily et al (2013) states that they also set out location advantages of low labor cost, the significant domestic market and high economic growth of China. Finally, this internationalization advantages is that they have the agreement with big food company in China (Lily et al 2013). The problem of lacking control affect mostly to the Coca-cola when they can improve the quality and also manage the employees. Therefore, the plan to expand the market can be influenced and it also can decrease the reputation of the company.The main issue is that it can reduce the sale volumes, so the profit can be decreased significantly because China s the potential market with large population. Coca-cola make a decisions to become a FED company to solve the issue and they apply Pascal model and entry mode to entry in to China t o clearly show each step they done carefully which depend on the China situations. For the first step, they export their products to China and then, they sign a franchise contract with a Chinese bottling partner in 1979 when Chinese political science apply tight regulations (Lily et al & Addax Consulting 2013).Secondly, Lily et al (2013) points out that in 1985, they invest money in a Chinese firm to make this come a Joint venture firm and in 1993 they built their own subsidiary to become a FED firm when Chinese government had changed their policies to eviscerate more FED. According to the Coca-Cola Company (n. D), the company established bottling operations in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy, Peru, Spain, Australia, Philippines and South Africa from 1920 to 1930. COMIC (n. D) claims that deuce bottling plants were establish in China and the bottles were imported from the plants in Philippines.Coca-Cola depends on these two models to improve their power n term of control quality of product and capacity of employees. From an exporter to become a Joint venture, they can control a part and then, they can control all when they building their own factories. They show clearly their wants for snap off in the Chinas market.

Perception of Organized Crime Essay

nonionised shame has been defined as illegal acts committed by a culpable organization or assort. The NCIS (2005) described unionized wickedness as having 4 salient attri scarcees (1) desex crime group contains at least three people (2) the criminal activity the group engages in is ongoing and indefinite in duration (3) the group is motivated by a desire for gelt or power and, (4) the group commits stern criminal offenses (Lynman & Potter, 2007). There are different categories of organise criminal behavior. They include the provision of extracurricular services, provision of illicit goods, conspiracy to commit crime, penetration of legitimate business, extortion, and corruption.outlaw(a) services are services that legitimate business do not provide. These services include but are not limited to gambling that is illegal, protection rackets, contribute sharking, and prostitution. Illicit goods are withal not available not available from legitimate businesses. Illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and heroin are examples of illicit goods. Unregistered guns and stolen property are also examples of illicit goods.Conspiracy is an agreement between two or more people to violate the law. Conspiracy is a vital kinsfolk of form criminal behavior. Organized crime members often work together for the purpose of making money. They work together to sell drugs, stolen property, loan sharking, gambling, prostitution and other illegal activities they tolerate going on within their organization.Organized crime organizations sw in allow no legal way to spend their profits so they must hide their revenue. They do this by penetrating legal businesses. Mevery of these crime organizations hold back businesses such as construction and contractors. Extortion is another category of organized crime. Many organized crime organizations use extortion to infiltrate legitimate businesses. Extortion is the use or menace use of violence or force to achieve a criminal end (Lynman & Potter, 2007). Corruption is also a category of organized crime. Many of these organized crime groups could notflourish if it wasnt for for the help oneself of pubic and private figures such as police officers, judges, prosecutors, mayors, bankers, attorneys, and elected and appointed officials.Organized crime groups acquit different hierarchies. There is the standard hierarchy in which in that respect is a single organized crime group which is led by a single powerful individual. These organizations have distinctly defined roles, a readily identified chain of command, and a hierarchy that is designed to provide a strong system of rules of internal discipline. Then there is the regional hierarchy. These hierarchies are tightly controlled groups with strong systems of internal discipline and clearly defined roles and lines of authority.Next theres the clustered hierarchy. This is an organized crime group that involves a fall of smaller organized crime groups that co ordinate their activities and enterprises. There is also a core group. This is an unstructured group of organized criminal surrounded by a larger network of individuals engaged in serious criminal activity. Finally, theres the criminal network. Criminal networks are loosely organized, highly adaptable, very peregrine of networks of individual participants who organize themselves around ongoing criminal enterprise (Lynman & Potter, 2007).The perception I had of organized crime is different from what I read in week one. Before this week, I always associated the Mob or the Mafia with organized crime. I think this comes from the movies and television shows that I have watched. I described organized crime as a group of people working for a boss to break the law. I thought that there was one head and people reported to him. I did not know that there were different categories of organized crime. I always associated drug trafficking and murder for hire as organized crimes. The readings hav e helped me to understand what organized crime really is and who is or can be involved. Before now, I would have never associated corruption or extortion with organized crime.I ultimately believed that this was something that was made up for movies and TV shows such as The Godfather, Scarface, The Sopranos, and The Wire. Before watching The Wire, I only associated Italians with organized crime. The characteristics I believe are associatedwith organized criminal behavior varies. First, all members of the organization are expected to live by a veritable set of rules or a code. They should protect the organization and do what is asked of them by the leaders. I thought the characteristics of organized criminal behavior were similar to that of a gang. The people involved in organized crime may not wear a reliable color or live in a certain area but they have the same culture in mind. Protect the group by any means necessary. They have to be loyal to the group, do what they are told by someone else, and do what it takes to make money or a profit for the group.After this first week of class my views on organized crime has changed drastically. I now have a better understanding of what organized crime is and a more knowledge on organized criminal groups. I can let go of all of the stereotypes I may have had and now understand that organized criminal organizations have one goal in mind, make a profit for the organization no matter if it is financial or political.ReferencesLyman, M., & Potter, G. (2007). reason Organized Crime. Organized Crime (Fourth ed., pp. 1-38). New York Pearson Education.

Reactions to Imperialism in Asia

lacquers attitude toward outside(prenominal) domination changed forcefulally over the years. Since the early 1 sass, during the reign of the Outage dynasty, the shogun do every effort possible to enforce a rigid Isolation policy. He closed all ports except for one to foreigners. Anyone who left the country or allowed foreigners in were sentenced to death. However, by the mid-asses,Japan began to regard their seclusion from the rest of the world. In 1850, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan, accompanied by a small naval squadron of American merchants and diplomats.He wanted to work out a read agreement with the shogun. When he refused to accept Perrys terms the commodore left, yet to return a year later with a much larger, highly Intimidating fleet of steamships. He gave the shogun two options either the shogun could open up Japan to diplomatic and trade relations with the united States or Perry would attack. Knowing that they did not have the resources, technology, or mili tary might to defend themselves against such an attack, they reluctantly agree to accept the terms of the Treaty of Gangway. The treaty ultimately ended Japans Isolation foreign policy.It opened up the entry to Western Influence and forced the Outage government Into accepting trade agreements that were not in their favor. The noblemen in Japan observed the shoguns inability to stand up to the West and that, combined with the unequal terms of the treaty, provide a civil war. The noblemen believed they needed a more powerful government that would not allow Japan to be bullied by the West. In 1868, the dainty put aside their differences and came together to overthrow the Outage shogun and reestablished the Melee government. The Mell took an merely different approach to Western domination.They were eager to modernize and they did so rapidly. Japanese officials traveled to the West to weigh their methods of industrialization, as well as their health, financial, and education systems. They set up a modern bank simulate after those in the United States and installed telegraph lines, as well as thousands of miles of railroad tracks. They also create up a military strong enough to rival those of the West. Their rapid and successful Industrialization made Japan power hungry and they began to set their sights on foreign lands that they could use for raw materials and a slur to set up new markets. Thus began Japanese imperialism.As Japans population increased, so did their need for raw materials and land. Their settlement was found in Korea, who was currently under attack by China. Japan helped Korea win victory in the Sino-Japanese war, which allowed them to dominate Korea and forced China to cede Taiwan. This gave Japan access to the resources they desired and a place to lead astray their manufactured goods. Their success In the war fueled their appetite for more land and materials, so in 1904 they went to war with Russia. They came out victorious, gaining terri tory in the south of the Sailing Island and southern Manchuria, and the Loading Peninsula.Their success in these wars only further increased their desire for Japanese domination and they began to set their sights on the rest of selenium Asia. These events showed the rest of the world just how much Japans response to foreign domination underwent perhaps the most drastic change than any other nation. It went from being completely cut off from the rest of the world, intolerable of foreign influence, and uninterested in Western technology to becoming a great imperialistic power in Just half a century. They would remain one of the major powers in the world until their defeat in World War II.

Crash, and The Forest, The Trees, and The One Thing

The movie Crash tells the story of many an(prenominal) seemingly unrelated people who atomic number 18 trying to live their lives in Los Angels, ar chipually tight intertwined with each different. The article The Forest, the Trees, and the adept Thing elaborates on the theme of interconnectivity by using the analogy of the exclusive trees, and how they come to rangeher to make a forest. Both the movie and the article show how people who are just trying to go almost their dally lives affect others In more panaches than we realize.The locksmith vie by Michael Penn was the easiest to empathic with, because he was whizz of the completely characters who was genuinely a nice person. The scene where he gives his daughter the invisible, impenetrable cloak was easy for most people to empathic with because he was being a good father by making his daughter feel safe. He is one of the most ghost characters because even when the Iranian man is yelling at him and treating him badly, he tries to explain to him that the door needfully to be fixed, and not the lock that he keeps requesting.Sandra confidential informations racism visibly disturbs and Insults Michael Penn when he Is fixing her lock, because Sandra Is yelling at her married man that the man with the jail tattoos is going to go give their eyes to one of his homiest so they can survive in and steal from them. Michael does not say anything though, but he makes sure to leave all of the keys on the counter in front of her when he leaves to show her that she is wrong. Sandra Bullocks character Is a great example of how racial attitudes shape behavior.When Sandra and her husband are walking home from dinner, she Instantly grabs his arm when she sees two portentous work force walking towards them. She Is racist so she immediately assumes that since they are unappeasable, they will try to rob them, which coincidentally is just what happens. This incident only serves to streng wherefore her already racist beliefs. When they get home, she is so paranoid that she makes her husband get their locks changed, and then wants the locks to be changed again in the morning because the locksmith has tattoos and is Latino.Her racist attitude towards others begins to show Its great dealfalls when she falls down the stairs at the end of the movie, and her own friends will not take her to the hospital because she is at the spa. Sandra then relies on her Mexican m financial aid, who she regularly berates, to take her to the hospital and make sure she is taken care of. Sandra realizes that her aid is the only one who was there for her, and that her maid is her only real friend. Matt Dillon plays a bitter, racist savvy who is teaching his rookie partner the dashs of the force.The last thing that he says to his rookie partner Is Walt until youve been on the business concern a a few(prenominal) more years. Walt until youve been doing It a little bit longer. Dillon is implying that after a few year s, Ryan Philippe will start to see the trends that eventually lead to more black men being arrested than purity men. This trend comes from racist cops who believe that black people are criminals, and it reinforces their life because they keep arresting black people. Dillon also blames the black supervisor at his fathers HOMO for not providing adequate treatment for his father.He thinks that she only has the Job because she Is black and he thinks that a more lady to get the Job. Ludicrous character is a stereotypical black criminal in LA who has vowed to only steal from white people. When he hits an Asian man in the street, he wanted to simply leave him to die, but his friend made sure that they dropped him off at a hospital. In the beginning of the movie, he complains to his friend that everyone else thinks that hey have him figured out because hes black, especially when Sandra Bullock grabs her husbands arm. He then proceeds to steal Sanders car and prove that she was right to be scared.Ludicrous then breaks his one promise, to never steal from another black man, when he tries to carjack the Movie Director Cameron. After Cameron has the repulsion with the police and he is let go with a warning, he drops off Ludicrous at a corner and tells him Mimi embarrass me. You embarrass yourself. Ludicrous then commits what is probably the most morally correct act of his life by saving the updated Chinese people that he found in the back of a van that he had stolen. The last character that I am analyzing is Ryan Philippe, the rookie cop.When his partner Matt Dillon pulls all over the black couple, he feels uneasy because he can see the racial motivation that his partner has for drag him over. He is beginning to see the real world that is not sugar coated. When he requests to be go to a solo car because he does not like how his partner is racist, the Chief tells him that he needs a better reason. He begins to realize that most people wont personally care about him, and that they only care about themselves. He is becoming aware that it is a dog eat dog world, and he needs to learn in order to survive.The article The Forest, the Trees, and the One Thing and the movie Crash are both great examples of connectivity. In Crash, all of the characters affect each other in one way or another, and The Forest, the Trees, and the One Thing shows us, the readers, how we may affect more people than we think. The article tells us about the Forest, which is society, is made up of a multitude of trees, or individual people, and the One Thing that makes the Trees a Forest, is the One Thing, which is the interactions are connections amid the Trees, between the individual people.This is also shown in the movie because of the many different interactions between all of the characters and how they unknowingly influence each other. The idea interactions and connectivity is expressed in The Forest, the Trees, and the One Thing is shown when the causality says The ch oices we make as individuals matter beyond our loves more than we can imagine. The author also elaborates on the effects of racism in a society giving examples such as When the subject of extend and racism come up, white people often withdraw into silence as if paralyzed by guilt.The character played by Ludicrous also expresses feeling similar to this when he duologue to his friend about how everyone thinks that they know him and type. As humans we think of most things as a collection of parts that function together in order to do things that each part would be unable to do on its own. We think of families as individual people, the mother, father, daughter, son, sister, brother, and their relationships with each other is what makes them a family. If this is the way that we think of things and comprehend them, then we can think of society in that way as well, Just with more people, more trees.We begin to think about the relationships that we normally overlook, such as the cashier a t the Cutbacks that you make small talk with while you we realize how much of an impact we have on other people with Just these little interactions, we realize that all of us play a large piece in the big family that we call society. In the forest, little trees can be protected from storms under the cover of larger trees, or the larger tree can slowly kill the smaller trees by not letting enough sunlight through. Without realizing it, everyone influences everyone, and that, is the one thing that makes Just a bunch of trees, a forest.

Leaders and subordinates in Spain Essay

Influenced by its collectivist past, family values, a sense of identity and belong to a group, ar constitutive parts of bon ton in Spain. They care for separately a nonher(prenominal) in society desire a family. For many Spanish people, the family is effectively a replacement for the state. Generally, Spaniards are really conservative and they will resist fashioning stopping points on hazardous matters, particularly if the consequences of their decision would affect early(a) people. Thus, most Spaniards will look for support and approval of family, friends and co- dissembleers before acting on their own.The Spanish see if you are non a part of a group, neighbourhood, town or moving in organisation because you are not an integral part of society. This important aspect of the Spanish collectivist culture magnate restrict business activities and force the outsider and visitors to the country to bear down their outsider stipulation by fitting into a group. However, regardin g slightlybodyal attributes, individualism is highly valued in Spain, along with an emphasis on character and social stead. Therefore, ain qualities, appearance, image andpersonal relationships are extremely substantial elements in modern- solar day Spanish culture. Also, personal attributes and character are frequently valued as highly as technical foul ability, experience or professional competence. While beingness preferably collectivists in their private lives the Spanish aim distinct individualism in business context. When doing business in Spain, you will discover that individualism is particularly predominant in management, where Spanish managers are less inclined to prefer group decision making and team orientation, as sharing the burden of decision-making is seen as a sign of weakness.Motivation is based on individual rather than collective relationships. The fact that wholly the individual in highest authority makes the final decision indicates that decision-makin g skunk become very slow and tedious, for many levels of management will have to be consulted in order to analyse the proposition. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain a earnest relationship with these intermediaries in order to succeed. Spain being a feministic society points to a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders in Spanish society.Machismo is the word for male dominance, and the culture of old men who created it has changed dramatically. Spain has become a very equalitarian society where women are present at universities and work. However, men yet hold the majority of positions within companies. The reason for that is that Spanish men still restrain to treat women as equals in society. Many women in Spain are line of extend toment oriented and seek high positions in society. Their social and educational status often assigns the role they finally play in business.Despite the advancement women have made up to date, the change of women trying to ac hieve higher positions is progressing very slowly, due to the major barrier of it being the mentality of the females themselves. An example for changed/changing attitudes is Soledad Becerril who became not all the prototypic mayoress in the early 90s but too a symbolism for many women in Spain of how Spanish females have made progress in the last years. She was also the first woman to become minister in the government, in 1981. And that is very significant of how Spain has changed and how it continues to do so.Furthermore, masculinity and muliebrity can be referred to the goals that are aimed for in professional life. Spain being a feministic society indicates issues of security of the job, good employer-employee relationship, pleasant cooperation with the colleagues and friendly work environment. Also, Spanish managers tend to pay more attention to consensus and apart from that, they like to rely on their intuition. HAMPDEN-TURNER & TROMPENAARS Spaniards tend to particularism rather than universalism. Therefore, at work Spanish seek gratification finished personal relationships, especially with their superiors.Charismatic leading find it easy to put their personal stamp on every area in a business. Most of the time job descriptions in Spain have a different function compared to the job descriptions in other countries. In Spain they seldom serve for selecting an employee, but afterwards they will be tailor-made for the favoured candidate. Spanish culture tolerates even advocates the expression of emotions (affectivity), also in the business environment. The admiration and display of heated, vital and animated expressions are just as common as melted and dramatic delivery of statements in Spain.People from diffuse cultures carry their status everywhere your boss stiff your boss and will expect the same respect even if you meet him/her at the gym. Spain indicates to be a specific culture, where official relationships are carefully isolated from relat ionships of other nature. Using the previous example it means that you may show respect to your boss at the office but his status will not follow him outside the office, and he/she may well ask you for advice. This explains the Spanish being paradoxical in their decision making and in their relation to the community.As a consequence of the fact that Spaniards separate work and personal matters, nobody would take work-related criticism personally. Another theory is that people from diffuse cultures prefer to caboodle around and establish a relationship before any deal is done those from specific cultures would rather get straight to the point, focus on the deal first and the relationship will flow from that. This rendering contradicts the Spanish being a specific society as they command long discussions prior getting down to business and want to know the person they do business with.Therefore, networks are quite important. For Spanish, status is a thing that is given to them bec ause of what they are (ascribed). It does not matter what you do but what or who you are. Ultimately, status and respect are conferred with the aid of family ties and connections. Concepts like bien educado (good education) and enchufado (good connections) distinguish this phenomenon. Achievement-oriented concepts like pay for performance cause for incomprehension in societies like Spain.FUKUYAMAFukuyama suggests Spain to be a low-trust society where workers are isolated by a series of bureaucratic rules. He describes Spain as a society with strong families and family businesses, a strong state and large remote owned companies, where hierarchies are necessary in order to force those by distinct rules and measures, who do not act out ethical codes. Evidence of different leadinghip styles in Spain backs up this theory. A schooling on Leadership from a Spanish perspectivei drafted by Instituto de Empresa and Deloitte stated that 56% of Spanish Directors prefer a participative leader ship style.The report shows that future leaders have to act as coaches, and they must issue their subordinates with the skills and knowhow they need to work efficiently with their teams. However, participative leadership is not the norm among the Spanish directors. Therefore, there is a need for adapting the other styles and make them more participative which requires great commitment from the leaders. The styles least preferred by Spanish senior managers are those based on compulsion with little or no participation of employees and exception-based management where the director only steps in to sort out mistakes.Leaders of relatively new businesses are better at leadership styles, which are based on objectives and development. Where different empyreans are byplayed, the report unveils how directors in the financial sector tend to use leadership styles that are more direct, transactional and less oriented to learning. While companies in the applied science sector give more importa nce to coaching and vision. MONOCHRONIC vs. POLYCHRONIC Spaniards can be classed as polychronic where nothing seems stiff or firm, and there are forever and a day changes right up to the very last minute or even in plans for the future.Polychronic cultures are unconventional and flexible with time because it is not seen as a imagery or as opportunity cost. Usually start times are flexible and schedules are unrushed. For example, it is not considered to be impolite to keep people waiting, as long as it does not exceed 30 minutes. Since time is also non-linear Spanish tend to manage several tasks at once, often in an unplanned sequence (e. g. salespeople in stores talk to several people at once rather than give only one customer their attention and taking people in turn a come across can be interrupted by a phone call etc.).Another significant cultural release is the smaller radius of personal space in Spain. Spaniards are most likely not to appologise when bumping into each oth er or pushing their way through crowds, which can be a shock to visitors from impertinent countries. In the business environment, when it comes to forecasting, plans are often based on assumptions, intuition and experience because every day is regarded as unpredictable. Spaniards in the business environment usually make decisions based on judgement, experience and governmental realities.The supervisory style allows for the rules to be circumvented, whereas style and creativity are highly valued. Titles describe a persons status, which people take pride in, causing great motivation for competition in organisations. Additionally, personal feelings affect the performance. Spanish managers feel that the employees must be watched, thus giving them the total control where also mistakes can be blamed on other people. However, the supervision is based on trust and whatsoever power is still delegated. LEADERSHIP STYLEGenerally, the leadership style in Spain, in terms of concern for produc tion and concern for people, demonstrates a high concern for people and little concern for production, whereby they try to exclude conflicts and concentrate on being liked, even at the expense of production. Managers in Spain are acquiring some qualities they look up to in other leaders. However, this contradicts with the theory stated above. Nevertheless, evidence suggest that Spanish leaders are still concerned about their leadership style. One of the conclusions of the first study on iLeadership from a Spanish perspectivei drafted by Instituto de Empresa and Deloitte indicated that 75% of Spains directors say that they regularly, or almost always use coaching, a personalised style that focuses on employee development. These leadership criteria are essential when it comes to competitiveness and organisations survival. 41% of directors stated that their preferred style of leadership is contingent reinforcement, which rewards subordinates for their achievements. 37% use the goal-or iented style, based on meeting challenges.Analysing the relations between leaders and subordinates in Spain showed that only 46% of Spanish leaders have a good concept of their subordinates. These leaders tend to use coaching as their preferred style of leadership. 26% of survey participants, however, point out having a quite negative concept of their subordinates. These leaders show a clear inclination to use directive and transactional management styles. Finally, the results of the study show clearly that Spanish development-oriented leaders are also very concerned about developing and educating their subordinates.